| History of Hungary | |
|---|---|
This article is part of a series |
|
| Prehistory | |
| Prehistoric Pannonia | |
| Prehistoric Magyars | |
| Early history | |
| Roman Pannonia | |
| Magyar invasion | |
| Middle Ages (896–1541) | |
| Principality of Hungary (896–1000) |
|
| Medieval Kingdom of Hungary (1000–1538) |
|
| Turkish wars (1366–1526) |
|
| Early Modern history | |
| Habsburg Kingdom of Hungary (1538–1867) |
|
| Eastern Hungarian Kingdom (1538–1570) |
|
| Ottoman Hungary (1541–1699) |
|
| Principality of Transylvania (1570–1711) |
|
| Late modern period |
|
| Rákóczi's War (1703–1711) |
|
| Revolution of 1848 | |
| Austria-Hungary (1867–1918) |
|
| Lands of the Crown of Saint Stephen | |
| Hungary in World War I | |
| Interwar period (1918–41) |
|
| Kingdom of Hungary (1920-1946) |
|
| World War II | |
| Contemporary history (1946 to present) |
|
| Republic of Hungary (1946–49) |
|
| People's Republic (1949–89) |
|
| Revolution of 1956 | |
| Republic of Hungary (since 1989) |
|
| Topical | |
| Church history | |
| Military history | |
| Music history | |
| Jewish history | |
| Székely people | |
|
Hungary Portal |
The King of Hungary (Hungarian: magyar király) was the head of state of the Kingdom of Hungary from 1000 (or 1001) to 1918. The style of title "Apostolic King" was confirmed by Pope Clement XIII in 1758 and used afterwards by all the Kings of Hungary,[1] so after this date the kings are referred to as "Apostolic King of Hungary".
Contents |
Before the 1000 AD, Hungary wasn't yet recognized as a Kingdom and the ruler of the Hungarians was styled Grand Prince of the Hungarians. The first King of Hungary, Stephen I. was crowned on 25 December 1000 (or 1 January 1001) with the crown Pope Sylvester II had sent him with the consent of Otto III, Holy Roman Emperor.
Following King Stephen I's coronation, all the monarchs of Hungary used the title of "King". However not all rulers of Hungary were Kings for example Stephen Bocskai and Francis II Rákóczi were proclaimed rulers as "High Princes of Hungary", and there were also three Governors of Hungary, sometimes styled as "regents", János Hunyadi, Lajos Kossuth[2] and Miklós Horthy.
From the 13th century a certain process was established to confirm the legitimacy of the King. No person could become the legitimate King of Hungary without fulfilling the following criteria:
This meant a certain level of protection to the integrity of the Kingdom such as that for example stealing the Holy Crown of Hungary was no longer enough to become legitimate King. The first requirement (coronation by the Archbishop of Esztergom) was confirmed by Béla III, who had been crowned by the Archbishop of Kalocsa based on the special authorisation of Pope Alexander III, but after his coronation he declared that his coronation would not harm the customary claim of the Archbishops of Esztergom to crown the kings. In 1211, Pope Innocent III denied to confirm the agreement of Archbishop John of Esztergom and Archbishop Berthold of Kalocsa on the transfer of the claim, and he declared that it is only the Archbishop of Esztergom who is entitled to crown the King of Hungary.
The King Charles I of Hungary was crowned in may 1301 with a provisional crown in Esztergom by the Archbishop of this city, that lead to his second coronation in June 1309. In this time the Holy Crown wasn't used and he was crowned in Buda by the archbishop of Esztergom. However his third coronation was finally in 1310, in the city of Székesfehérvár, with the Holy Crown and effectuated by the archbishop of Esztergom. Then the King's coronation was considered absolutely legitimate.
In the other hand, in 1439 the queen Elisabeth of Luxemburg ordered to one of her handmaidens to steal the Holy Crown from the palace of Visegrád, and then promoted the coronation of his newborn son Ladislaus V of Hungary, which was effectuated legitimately in Székesfehérvár by the Archbishop of Esztergom.
A similar situation occurred with the King Matthias Corvinus, when he negotiated with all his influences for getting back the Holy Crown which was on hands of the German emperor Friedrick III of Habsburg. Then after obtaining it he was legitimately crowned.
As in all the traditional monarchies, the heir descended in a masculine branch from a previous King of Hungary. Due the Hungarian traditions, usually this right passed to younger brothers, before passing the direct son of the previous King, which created in many occasions familiar disputes. The founder of the first Hungarian royal house was the Prince Árpád, who led his people to Europe in 895. His descendants, who ruled for more than 400 years, included the King Saint Stephen I of Hungary, the King Saint Ladislaus I of Hungary, Andrew II of Hungary, and Béla IV of Hungary. In 1301 the last member of the House of Árpád died, and Charles I of Hungary was crowned claiming the throne in the name of his maternal grandmother, the daughter of the King Stephen V of Hungary. With the death of Mary, the grand daughter of the King Charles I 1395, again the direct line was interrupted, and Mary's husband was crowned as Sigismund of Hungary, after being elected by the nobility of the Kingdom in the name of the Holy Crown.
Later the King Matthias Corvinus was elected by the nobles of the Kingdom, being the first Hungarian monarch which descended from an aristocratic family, and not from a royal family that inherited the title by blood traces. The same happened decades later with the King John I of Hungary, who was elected in 1526 after the death of the King Louis II of Hungary in the battle of Mohács.
After this, the House of Habsburg inherited the throne, and ruled Hungary from Austria during almost 500 years until 1918.
Over the centuries, the Kings of Hungary acquired or claimed the crowns of several neighboring countries, and they began to use the royal titles connected to those countries. By the time of the last kings, their precise style was: "By the Grace of God, Apostolic King of Hungary, Dalmatia, Croatia, Slavonia, Rama, Serbia, Galicia, Lodomeria, Cumania and Bulgaria, Grand Prince of Transylvania, Count of the Szeklers".
The terms Nobilissimus (most noble) and nobilissima familia (most noble family) have been used since the 11th century for the King of Hungary and his family, but it were then only a few that were mentioned in official documents as such.
The title "Apostolic King" was confirmed by Pope Clement XIII in 1758 and used afterwards by all the Kings of Hungary.
The title of "King of Slavonia" referred to the territories between the Drava and the Sava Rivers. That title was first used by Ladislaus I of Hungary. It was also Ladislaus I who adopted the title "King of Croatia" in 1091. Coloman of Hungary added the phrase "King of Dalmatia" to the royal style in 1105.
The title "King of Rama", referring to the claim to Bosnia, was first used by Béla II of Hungary in 1136. It was Emeric of Hungary who adopted the title "King of Serbia". The phrase "King of Galicia" was used to indicate the supremacy over Halych, while the title "King of Lodomeria" referred to Volhynia; both titles were adopted by Andrew II of Hungary in 1205. In 1233, Béla IV of Hungary began to use the title "King of Cumania" which expressed the rule over the territories settled by the Cumans (i.e., Wallachia and Moldavia) at that time. The phrase "King of Bulgaria" was added to the royal style by Stephen V of Hungary.
Transylvania was originally a province of the Kingdom of Hungary ruled by a voivode, but after 1526 became a semi-independent principality subordinated to the Ottoman Empire, and later to the Habsburg Empire. In 1696, after dethroning Prince Michael II Apafi, Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor took the title "Prince of Transylvania". In 1765, Maria Theresa of Austria elevated Transylvania to Grand Principality. The Count of the Szeklers (Hungarian: ispán) was originally a dignitary of the Kingdom of Hungary, but the title was later used by the Princes of Transylvania.